APA Style Guide

Format: 

Author, A.A.(Year). Title of Book. (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. 

     Publisher. DOI or URL if available.

Specific example: 

Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of Introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. (K. Mazur, 

     Narr.) [Audiobook] Random House Audio.  

     https://www.audible.com/pd/Quiet-Audiobook/B006TIKUN

Format: 

Book with author(s): 

Author, A.A. (Year of Publication). Title of Work. Publisher Name. DOI or URL.  

Edited book with no author: 

Editor, E.E.(Ed). (Year of Publication). Title of Work.  Publisher Name. DOI or 

     URL if available. 

Specific examples: 

Book with author(s): 

Hallam, S. & Himonides, E. (2022). The power of music: An exploration of the evidence.

     Open Book Publishers. 

Edited book with no author: 

Newton, D. E. (Ed.). (2019). Spotlight on current events: Essays on contemporary world

     issues. ABC-CLIO. 

Format:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital        letter also for subtitle (pp. page range of chapter). Publisher. DOI or URL if available 

Specific Example:  

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer. 

Format:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Series title.( Edition )Title of  book. DOI or URL if available 

Specific example: 

Madigan, S. (2019).Narrative therapy (2nd ed.) American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000131-000

Format:

Entry name. (Date). In Editor Name (Ed.), Book Title (version). Publisher. DOI or URL.

Dictionary: 

Specific examples: 

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved June 14, 2019,from https:dictionary.apa.org

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved May 5, 2019 ed.) Stanford University

     https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/    

Encyclopedia:

Specific examples:

Zalta, E.N. (Ed.) (2019). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy  (Summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University.   

     https: plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/   

Format:  

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol.#). Publisher. DOI or URL if available

• If the volume has an editor instead of an author, use the editor's name in place of the author's name followed by "Ed." or "Eds." in parentheses (as in the Travis & White example below) 

• If the volume does not have its own title, include the volume number in parenthesis without italics (as in the Fiske et al. example below) 

• If the volume has its own title, include the volume number and title after the main title in italics (as in the Travis & White example below) 

Specific examples: 

Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1) John Wiley &

     Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/97804705611 

Travis, C. B., & White, J. W. (Eds.). (2018). APA handbook of the psychology of women: Vol. 1. History, theory, and 

     battlegrounds. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-00            

Format:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), pages

Specific example:

Lucas, R. (2022). 3D printing a new nuclear future. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 101(7), 48–51.

Format: 

Print Version: 

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages. 

Online Version: 

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL 

Only use for articles with an associated newspaper.  

Specific examples: 

Print version: 

Alvarez, L. (2014, November 10). States listen as parents give rampant testing an F. New York Times, A16. 

Online Version:

Alvarez, L. (2014, November 10). States listen as parents give rampant testing an F. New York Times. 

     https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/us/states-listen-as-parents-give-rampant-testing-an-f.htm

Format:

Blogger, A. A., Blogger, B. B., & Blogger, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL 

Specific example: 

McBride, C. (2022, September 23). 100 years ago men and boys fought on the streets of New York over wearing straw hats past summer. New York Public Library. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2022/09/23/straw-hat-riots-nyc .

Basic Format:

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. URL 

With Retrieval Date: 

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL 

(Include retrieval date when page content is likely to change over time. )

Specific examples:

 Everything you need to know about daily Jeopardy! box scores. (2022, February 4). Jeopardy. 

      https://www.jeopardy.com/jbuzz/news- events/everything-you-need-know-about-daily-jeopardy-box-

     scores 

With Retrieval Date: 

October temperature outlook is warmer than average for much of US. (2022, October  

          4). Weather Underground.    Retrieved October 5, 2022,         

         https://www.wunderground.com/article/forecast/national/news/2022-10-04-  

Organization as author with publication date.  Start with the responsible agency as the author.

Format: 

(National Rifle Asso., 2017, para. 2)

Organization as author; No publication date.

Format:

Corporate author. (n.d.) Title. Retrieved from url

Specific  example:

Adaptive Access. (n.d.). Home changes. Retrieved from http://www.adaptiveaccess.com/home_changes.php

(Adaptive Access, n.d., Bathroom remodeling, para. 2)

Start with the responsible agency as the author.

Format:

Agency. (date). Title. Retrieved from url

Specific example:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

     (2014, April  30).  Cat-scratch disease. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-

Alternative citation - see More Information below

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

     National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. (2014, April 30).  Cat-scratch disease. Retrieved      

In-text citation

• Use the full agency name the first time you cite it in text. If the name is long and an acronym is commonly used, include the acronym in brackets after the name.  You may use the acronym for subsequent citations.
• Because there are no page numbers but there are section names, use the section name and paragraph number in place of a page number.

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014, How cats and people, para. 1)

(CDC, 2014, How cats and people, para. 1) for subsequent citations.

Format:

Author [pseudonym]. (date). Tweet first forty words [Tweet]. Retrieved from url

Use the author’s real name, followed by the username in brackets.  If the real name is not available, use the username with no brackets.  For the title, use the whole tweet unless it is more than forty words.  In that case, use the first forty words. 

Specific examples:

Real name and pseudonym

Asher, Jay. [jayasherguy]. (2017, June 13). Currently trying to remind myself that dentists are not the enemy. But sometimes--  Oh! Here he comes... [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/jayasherguy

(Asher, 2017)

No pseudonym

Dutch_50. (25 July 2017). I know it’s illegal to launder money, so I’ve decided to stop doing laundry entirely.  Just to be on the safe side [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://funnytweeter.com/

(Dutch_50, 2017)

For more information, see the APA Blog

Format:

Author, A. A. [pseudonym]. (date). Title [Blog post]. Retrieved from url

When the author uses a pseudonym, you still use the real name if you know it and put the pseudonym in brackets.  If you do not know the real name, use the pseudonym without brackets.

Specific examples:

No pseudonym

Pseudonym and real name

Emborsky, D. [crochetdude]. (2017, July 10). Motivation Monday? How about every day 

     [Blog post].  Retrieved from https://drewemborsky.com/2017/07/motivation-monday 

In-text citation: (Emborsky, 2017)

Pseudonym, no real name

Bunny. (2017, February 6). Trimming fur [Blog post]. Retrieved from         http://lasewist.blogspot.com/2017/02/trimming-fur.html

For more information, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7.11, #76 and the APA Blog

Format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL

Only use if news website does not have an associated newspaper.

Specific example:

Lukov, Y. (2022, October 5). Ukraine war: Russia warns US of direct military clash risk. BBC. 

     https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-6314009

Format:  

Album: 

Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label. 

Single Song or Track: 

Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label. 

Podcast: 

Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast].

      Production company. URL unless podcast app was used 

Single Podcast Episode: 

Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Date of publication). Title of podcast episode (Episode

     number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL unless podcast app was

     used 

Examples:  

Album: 

Beyoncé. (2016). Lemonade [Album]. Parkwood Entertainment. 

In-text: (Beyonce, 2016)

Single Song or Track: 

Beyoncé. (2016). Formation [Song]. On Lemonade [Album]. Parkwood Entertainment. 

In-text:  Include the track number in the location position.

(Beyonce, 2016, track 8)

 Podcast: 

Glass, I. (Executive Producer). (1995–present). This American life [Audio podcast]. WBEZ 

     Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/  

In-text citation (Glass,1995-present)

Single Podcast Episode: 

Glass, I. (Executive Producer). (2022, September 30). Setting the record straight (No. 780) [Audio podcast 

    episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/ 

In-text citation: (Glass, 2022)

For more information, see the APA Blog

Types of Visual Works

Clip art, Infographic, Lithograph, Map, Painting, Photograph, PowerPoint slides, Stock image, etc. 

Format: Visual Work in a Museum or on a Museum Website: 

Creator, C. C. (Date of publication). Title of visual work [Visual work type]. Name of Museum, City, State,

     Country. DOI or URL if available 

Format: Visual Work Not Associated with a Museum: 

Creator, C. C. (Date of publication). Title of visual work [Visual work type]. Source. DOI or URL if available 

Specific Examples

Visual Work in a Museum or on a Museum Website: 

Hokusai, K. (1847). Thunder god [Painting]. Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art, Washington, D.C.,

     United States. https://asia.si.edu/object/F1900.47/ 

Visual Work Not Associated with a Museum: 

Gunn, C. (2021, September 25). The James Webb Space Telescope en route [Photograph]. Flickr.\

      https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasawebbtelescope/51589376523/in/album-72157720000770033/ 

Format: Artwork viewed in person

Artist, A. A. (date of work). Title of work [medium]. City, State or country: location.

Specific example: 

(Adickes, 1988)

Format: Artwork viewed online

Artist, A. A. (date of creation). Title of work [medium]. Retrieved from url

Remington, F. (1903). Fight for the waterhole [Painting]. Retrieved from 

     https://www.mfah.org/art/departments/american-painting-and-sculpture 

Artwork in a book

Picasso, P. (1937). The weeping woman [painting]. In A. Baldassari (Ed.), The surrealist Picasso (p. 137).

     Paris, France: Flammarion. (2005)

In-text citation

(Picasso, 1937/2005, p. 137)

For more information, see the APA Blog